Spinal treatment and long bone fixation apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

An apparatus, method and system for treating spinal conditions by moving or spatially fixing at least one vertebra relative to another vertebra. The invention includes a link member the ends of which are configured to be secured to adjacent vertebrae and which are offset from a central portion of the link member. The link members can be in the form of a C-shaped or V-shaped rod or plate to form the offset. The offset provides increased bone volume that can be used for grafts or fusion. Attachment structure in the form of bone screws, bolts, or hook members are provided to secure the link members to respective vertebrae or other bones. A plurality of link members can be connected in chain-like fashion to connect multiple points on a plurality of vertebrae or other bones even though those points are nonlinear. In another aspect of the invention, a multi-directional attachment member is provided and may be used with the link members to form a spinal implant or external bone fixation system.

This is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/448,566 filed Jun. 7, 1995 that isnow abandoned which is a 371 of PCT/US94/11463 filed Oct. 7, 1994.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to apparatus and methods fortreating and correcting spinal abnormalities or conditions, stabilizingthe position of the spine and vertebrae thereof and fixing or moving theposition of bones other than those in the spine. More specifically, thepresent invention provides an apparatus and system which includes aplurality of links usable together under various circumstances to treat,e.g., different spinal curvature conditions or bone fractures.

2. Description of the Relevant Art

The prior art includes many different apparatus and methods for treatingspinal conditions. Known apparatus utilize elongate plate members havingseveral aligned openings or an elongated slot therein for receivingscrews or bolts that are affixed to vertebrae. The plate is secured tothe screws or bolts and exerts force on the selected vertebra orvertebrae to move same into a desired position or to maintain same in adesired position. The plate also overlies the majority of the lateralbone surface of the vertebrae.

In using such known plate systems, a problem arises when the points onthe vertebrae defined by the screws or bolts are not collinear, i.e.,they do not lie in a straight line. This creates a problem for thephysician because the openings in the plate are collinear and,therefore, the screws do not line up with the plate openings. Thephysician has several options to compensate for such nonalignment, allof which present additional problems themselves.

The plate can be contoured in the frontal plane to attempt to line thescrews up with the plate openings. Due to the thickness and highstrength of the plate, this is essentially impossible to dointraoperatively. Another option is to bend the screws or bolts so thatthey fit in the slots or openings in the plate. This creates animmediate high stress region in the screw or bolt which can causefailure of the same upon cyclical loading or, even worse, can lead to afracture of the pedicle of the vertebra.

A third option is to place the screws or bolts in a less than optimumposition or trajectory in the pedicle of the vertebrae so that they lineup with the plate openings. This too can lead to pedicle fractures orcut-out, as well as nerve root injury.

Other known apparatus for treating spinal deformities are disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,102,412 and 5,181,917. These apparatus include elongaterod members which have vertebra engaging means secured thereto in anadjustable fashion. The apparatus can be used with bone bolts or screws,or laminar or pedicle hooks. However, the rods are essentially straightwhich makes utilizing nonlinear points of connection on adjacentvertebrae difficult without the use of specially formed components. Inaddition, spinal apparatus and systems such as those disclosed in theaforementioned patents include a large number of moving parts andtherefore are inherently susceptible to malfunction.

Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method and apparatus fortreating spinal conditions which avoids the problems of the prior art,permits attachment to nonlinear points on adjacent vertebrae, andprovides increased bone volume for grafts and fusion.

The prior art includes various apparatus for the treatment of non-spinalconditions, e.g., in long bones and the pelvis. Such conditions includefractures, joint fusions, osteotomies, etc. The prior art apparatus fortreating the aforesaid non-spinal conditions do not permit attachment ofthe bone fixation device to non-linear attachment points on the bone orbones being treated. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for animproved apparatus and method for the treatment of non-spinalconditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for treatingspinal conditions by moving a vertebra to a desired position withrespect to additional vertebrae or maintaining the vertebra in thedesired position.

The apparatus of the present invention includes a plurality of linkmembers that can be secured to adjacent vertebrae in chain-like fashionutilizing pedicle bolts or screws that are not collinear with eachother. The link members can be used to subdivide multiple nonlinearpedicle fixation points into units of two adjacent points which twopoints can be interconnected with a single link member.

The present invention thus facilitates multiple point fixation using twopoints at a time to overcome the problem in the prior art ofnonalignment between plate openings and pedicle screws. The links form achain and once they are secured to the pedicle screw or bolt with alocking nut, the result is a rigid construct securely affixed to thevertebrae.

The link members are in the form of plates or rods with opposite endportions and a central portion. The opposite end portions each have anaperture therein configured to receive attachment means affixed to thepedicle of adjacent vertebrae. The central portion of each link memberis preferably offset from the end portions so that when the link memberis attached to adjacent vertebrae portions of the latter aresubstantially uncovered by the link central portion. However, thepresent invention also includes links in which the central portion isnot offset.

This offset provides increased vertebrae bone volume as compared withprior art apparatus which overlie the vertebra surface, which increasedbone volume can be used for bone grafts and fusion. In addition, thepresent invention permits visualization of bony maturation using plainX-rays since the links do not overlie the graft area.

The links of the present invention can be used with and secured topedicle screws, bolts, or pedicle or laminar hooks. A combination ofhooks and screws or bolts can be used as well depending on theparticular application of the invention. For example, a laminar hook canbe used on a lamina that is being fused to avoid damaging its associatedfacet (joint) such as would be caused by a screw or bolt.

The surface of the link member of the present invention is preferablyprovided adjacent the apertures in the end portions thereof with radialcuts or other interdigitating structure for facilitating and enhancingthe locking engagement of the links with a pedicle bolt, screw, hook, orother link(s) at a desired relative position. The bolt or hook has athreaded extension portion that cooperates with a locking nut, and awedge-shaped washer if needed, to secure an end of the link member to avertebra.

The wedge-shaped washer compensates for a lack of parallelism in theaxial plane between adjacent bolts or screws.

An additional aspect of the present invention is that link members canbe used to secure contralateral chains (formed as described above) toeach other at their ends, and/or points intermediate their ends, to forma quadrilateral or ladder-shaped construct having increased torsionalstability.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a multi-directionalattachment assembly which includes a screw portion or member threadedfor engagement with a bore formed in a bone, and a bolt portion ormember threaded to receive a plate, rod, etc., and a complimentarythreaded locking nut. The bolt portion is adjustable with respect to thescrew portion and can be positioned in a location that is optimal withregard to receiving and supporting the aforementioned plate, rod, etc.The bolt portion may be angularly positioned relative the screw portionso that the former engages the plate or rod in a desired manner, forexample, a perpendicular fashion. The bolt and screw portions preferablyinclude mating hemispherical portions which are joined on a plane thatis oblique to the longitudinal axis of both the screw and bolt portions.The multi-directional attachment device may be used with spinal fixationsystems to facilitate optimal placement of the screw portion within thevertebra while permitting adjustment of the bolt portion relativethereto for optimal engagement with the plate and/or rod. In addition,the above-described link structures and multi-directional attachmentmembers may be used in the treatment of non-spinal conditions includingfractures, joint fusions, osteotomies, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Additional features of the present invention will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from the following detailed description whenconsidered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A is a front elevational view of a link member according to afirst embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a front elevational view of a link member according toanother embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 1C is a front elevational view of a link member according toanother embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a pedicle or bone bolt, a washer, and alocking nut according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a pedicle or laminar hook, the link shownin FIG. 1B, and a locking nut according to another embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 4 is a front elevational view showing a plurality of the linkmembers depicted in FIG. 1A placed together to form a chain-likeconstruct;

FIG. 5 is a front elevational view showing a plurality of the linkmembers depicted in FIG. 1B, comparing them to link members in which thecentral portion is not offset.

FIG. 6 is a side elevational view, partly in section, showing two bonebolts and a locking bolt securing together two link members in a deltaconfiguration according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a side elevational view showing a plurality of link membersaccording to the present invention secured together by pedicle orlaminar hook members and locking nuts;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are, respectively, front and side elevational views of acurved link member according to another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of a multi-directional attachment deviceconstructed according to the present invention;

FIG. 9B is a perspective exploded view of the multi-directionalattachment device depicted in FIG. 9A showing a modification thereto;

FIG. 9C is a perspective exploded view of the multi-directionalattachment device depicted in FIG. 9A;

FIG. 9D is a perspective view of a multi-directional attachment deviceaccording to another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10A is a front elevational view of the link member andmulti-directional attachment device of the present invention used as anexternal bone fixation apparatus;

FIG. 10B is a side elevational view of the link member andmulti-directional attachment device of the present invention used as anexternal bone fixation apparatus in a two plane fixation system; and

FIG. 11 is a front elevational view of the link member andmulti-directional attachment device of the present invention used as apelvic bone fixation apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIG. 1A, a link member according to a first embodimentof the present invention is indicated generally by the reference numeral10 and includes first and second end portions 12, 14 and a centralportion 16. The end portions 12, 14 each have an aperture 18 thereinwhich apertures are configured to receive a threaded bone bolt or screw,or a laminar or pedicle hook, to secure the link 10 to adjacentvertebrae as will be described below. The link 10 is preferablyintegrally formed so as to comprise a one-piece structure. The link inthe embodiment of FIG. 1A is in the form of a plate and is substantiallyV-shaped with the central portion 16 comprising the apex of the V shape.

FIG. 1B shows another embodiment of the link according to the presentinvention indicated generally at 20. Link 20 includes first and secondend portions 22, 24 and a straight central portion 26. The end portions22, 24 each have an aperture 28 similar to the apertures 18 in link 10.Link 20 also is in the form of a plate which plate is substantiallyC-shaped. The C-shape of link 20, like the V-shape of the link 10 shownin FIG. 1A, provides the link with end portions that are offset from thecentral portion for reasons discussed below.

FIG. 1C shows another embodiment of a link according to the presentinvention which link is indicated at 30 and includes end portions 32, 34and central portion 36. The link 30 is in the form of a C-shaped rodmember having a cylindrical cross-section. It will be appreciated thatthe cross-sectional shape of link 30 can be noncylindrical and that link30 can be a rod member that is V-shaped similar to link 10 in FIG. 1A.The ends 32, 34 have an aperture 38 disposed therein for receivingpedicle bolts, screws or hooks as in the aforementioned embodiments forreasons as will be described below.

The present invention also includes link members in which the endportions and the central portion are aligned, i.e., not offset, whichlinks can be connected in chain-like fashion to follow a nonlinear path.For example, see links 240 in FIG. 5. In an alternative embodiment, thenon-offset links can be in the form of a rod with a cylindrical ornoncylindrical cross-section or, the links can be in the form of othersuitably shaped structure.

However, the links preferably have the respective end portions offsetfrom the central portion as in links 10, 20 and 30. This offset isformed such that a line passing through the midpoint of the aperturesformed in the end portions of links 10, 20 and 30 does not overlie thecentral portion of the link. See the dashed line in FIGS. 1A or 1C.While the illustrated links are V-shaped and C-shaped, those of ordinaryskill in the art will recognize that other shapes are possible as longas the central portion of the link is at least partially offset from theend portions thereof.

FIG. 5 shows two rigid constructs 210, 230 formed of a plurality oflinks 220, 240, respectively. Constructs 210 and 230 are secured to theplurality of vertebrae 200 by means indicated schematically at 222 and232, respectively. The securing means can be in the form of bone screws,bolts or hook members as will be explained in detail below. Links 220 ofconstruct 210 have an offset central portion which leaves the lateralmargin 202 on one side of the vertebrae 200 (to which the links aresecured) substantially uncovered. However, links 240 of construct 230 donot have such an offset and thus the lateral margins on that side ofvertebrae 200 are covered by the links 230.

The offset links 220 provide additional bone volume or surface that canbe used for grafts, fusion, etc. In addition, because the bone surfaceis uncovered, a physician can view the bony maturation of the vertebraebeing treated with plain X-rays. This is very difficult in prior artsystems in which the elongated plates or rods overlie the graft area.

FIG. 2 shows a pedicle or bone bolt 50 used with the link members of thepresent invention to secure the same to vertebrae. While FIG. 2 shows abone bolt, it will be recognized that a bone screw, e.g. a threadedmember having a head which forces the link member against the bonesurface, can also be used. The use of bone bolts and screws to securespinal curvature apparatus to vertebrae by placing the same in boresformed in the vertebrae is generally known and will not be described indetail. As will be discussed below, it is also possible to use laminaror pedicle hook members in place of or in combination with the bonebolts or screws. The engagement of such attachment members withvertebrae is discussed in aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,102,412 and5,181,917 granted to the present applicant, the subject matter of whichpatents is incorporated herein by reference.

The bone bolt 50 shown in FIG. 2 includes a helical portion 52, i.e., aportion having a helical thread or cutting surface for locking the boltwithin a bore formed in a vertebra (not shown). An upper portion 54 ofbolt 50 is threaded to receive a locking nut such as that shown atreference numeral 70 in FIG. 2. A shoulder portion 56 is disposedbetween the aforementioned portions 52 and 54.

After determining the proper position on the vertebrae, a bore is formedfor each bolt as is known in the art and the bolt 50 is secured to afirst vertebra (not shown) with shoulder 56 and threaded portion 54extending therefrom. The aperture end of a link member (e.g., linkmembers 10, 20 or 30) is positioned over the threaded portion 54 withthe link member resting on shoulder 56. The shoulder 56 is provided withmeans for enhancing the engagement between the link member and the bonescrew which means can be in the form of radial cuts 58, or any othersuitable means such as roughened surfaces that aids in locking the linkto the screw. With one end of the link member fastened to a firstvertebra, the other end of the link member is positioned on a bolt 50that is similarly secured to a second adjacent vertebra so as to move orlock one vertebra relative to the other vertebra.

A washer member 60 is shown which preferably is wedge-shaped and isconfigured to slide over the threaded portion 54 of bone bolt 50. Thewedge shaped washer 60 can be used to secure a link member (not shown inFIG. 2) to a bolt, screw or hook member that is attached to a vertebraand forms an angle therewith. The washer 60 is placed on the shoulder 56so that the link member forms substantially a right angle with thelongitudinal axis of the bone bolt. Locking nut 70 then is threaded overportion 54 of bolt 50. The washer member 60 also preferably has radialcuts or other means for rotationally locking the link to the washer toprovide overall torsional stability to the assembly.

FIG. 4 shows rigid constructs 100 and 102 formed of a plurality of linkmembers 10 secured to each other in chain-like fashion. As seen therein,the links 10 are positioned with the end of one link overlying the endof an adjacent link. As also seen therein with respect to the construct100 (on the left hand side of FIG. 4), a line passing through themidpoints of connection points A, a, b and B does not follow a linearpath. The same is true with regard to the construct 102 and connectionpoints C, c, d and D.

It is apparent that the aforementioned four connection points of eitherconstruct 100 or 102 are nonlinear and could not be connected using aconventional flat plate with a plurality of, e.g. four, linearly alignedopenings. The same is true with regard to a prior art plate having anelongated linear slot or opening in which is positioned a plurality ofbone bolts or other attachment structure. It will, of course, berecognized that the four connection points depicted in FIG. 4 are forexemplary purposes only and that it is possible to use more or lessvertebrae attachment points. This aspect of the present inventionpermits a rigid construct to be formed using multiple vertebraeattachment points notwithstanding the fact those points do not lie in astraight line. This was not possible with prior art plates havinglinearly aligned multiple openings.

Also shown in FIG. 4 is a link member 10A, depicted in phantom, whichserves as a cross-tie mechanism that secures the distal most connectionpoints A and C of the constructs 100 and 102, respectively. While notshown in FIG. 4, a link member preferably is used on the opposite distalend points B and D. This results in a quadrilateral construct thatstabilizes the chain-like construct both torsionally and in the frontalplane, as well as increases the strength required to pull the screws outof the vertebrae. Further, such cross-tie mechanisms can be used as wellat points intermediate the distal most connection points of thechain-like constructs.

A further embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 andincludes a cross-tie mechanism 300 to provide a quadrilateral constructsimilar to that discussed above. The cross-tie mechanism 300 includestwo links 310 that are produced according to the teachings of thepresent invention which links are secured to respective bolts 50substantially as described above. That is, locking nuts 70 cooperatewith threaded portions 54 of bolts 50 to attach the latter to the links310.

The ends of the links 310 opposite bone bolts 50 are secured to eachother by a locking bolt 150 and nut 170. The ends of the links 310 areoverlapped on the bolt 150 and the nut 170 is threaded over and securedto the bolt 150 to lock the entire assembly. The cross-tie mechanism 300provides a rigid quadrilateral construct which increases the torsionalstability and pull-out strength. As seen in FIG. 6, bone bolts 50 aredisposed in respective vertebrae (not shown) in a converging fashionwhich, when combined with a cross-tie mechanism, provide a configurationwhich increases the overall pull-out strength of the assembly. Thecross-tie mechanism 300 also can be used at different locations alongthe length of the two constructs to form a ladder configuration.

With reference to FIG. 3, a laminar hook 80 is shown which can be usedin addition to or in place of the bone bolts 50 of FIG. 2. While member80 is referred to as a laminar hook, those skilled in the art willappreciate that pedicle hooks could be utilized as well. Laminar hook 80incudes a hook or pad portion 84 which engages portions of the lamina ofa respective vertebra. It will be appreciated that the hook portion 84can be in a form other than the L-shape shown in FIG. 3 and, forexample, can take the shapes shown in the aforementioned patentsincorporated by reference in this application.

Hook member 80 further includes a threaded upper bolt portion 82 whichis passed through the aforementioned aperture in one end of a linkmember, which link in FIG. 3 is in the form of the C-shaped plate member20 (of FIG. 1B). Locking bolt 70 is then threaded onto portion 82 ofhook member 80 to securely lock the link 20 to the vertebra.

FIG. 3 also shows a sleeve member 90 which is disposed over threadedportion 82 of hook 80 to adjust the height of the link member 20 withrespect to the hook or pad portion 84. The proper height sleeve neededfor a particular application will typically depend on the laminarthickness of a vertebra and will be determined intraoperatively by thesurgeon. The sleeve 90 preferably will be provided in different sizes sothat the surgeon can choose the proper size sleeve for the specificapplication.

With attention now directed to FIG. 7, a side elevational view of anexemplary rigid construct assembled from a plurality of link members inaccordance with the present invention is indicated generally byreference numeral 400. The construct includes a plurality of links 410connected end-to-end in chain-like fashion as described above. Theconstruct 400 includes laminar or pedicle hooks 480 but it will beunderstood that the above-described bone bolts or screws can be used inaddition to or in place of the hooks 480.

As shown in FIG. 7, sleeves 490 of various heights are interposedbetween the hook or pad portion 484 of each the hooks 480 and linkmembers 410. In addition, a spacer member 500 is disposed between thetwo adjacent link members 410 on the right end of the construct tocompensate for the difference in height thereof so as to permit thelinks to be connected substantially in parallel. The aforementionedmeans for enhancing the locking relationship, e.g., roughening or radialcuts, between the bolts or hooks and the links, the locking nuts 470 andbolts, between adjacent links, etc., can also be used.

It will be readily recognized that the construct shown in FIG. 7 is butone example of an application of the present invention. In addition, itwill be appreciated that FIG. 7 shows a construct that can be connectedto a similar construct by any of the aforementioned cross-tie mechanismsto provide a quadrilateral construct.

Another aspect of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B andincludes link members which are pre-curved in the sagittal or lateralplane for treating various spinal conditions. The link 610 isplate-shaped and is similar to link 10 except that link 610 ispre-curved in the sagittal plane. As can be seen, concave and convexsurfaces 620 and 622 are defined on opposite sides of link 610. FIGS. 8Aand 8B show that the plane in which the link is pre-curved issubstantially perpendicular to the plane in which the link is offset,i.e., the plane in which central portion 616 is offset from the ends612, 614.

While link 610 is plate shaped, the present invention also includesrod-shaped links (as described above and shown in FIG. 1C) which arepre-curved in a similar fashion. The end portions 612, 614 of link 610are preferably flat so that apertures 618 properly engage the vertebraeattachment members. However, the entire link (and not just centralportion 616) can be curved instead.

For example, the link 610 can be placed as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B totreat lordosis (forward curvature of the lumbar or thoracic spine),while the link could be placed in reverse to treat kyphosis (backwardconvex curvature of the spine). It will be appreciated that pre-curvingthe links in a manner other than that shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B ispossible to achieve links having shapes and/or curvatures suited foradditional applications.

The pre-curved links made according to the present invention provide thesurgeon with numerous curved spinal links from which can be selected theappropriate link member for a particular application. This is superiorto the flat prior art links. The curvature of the present links is setduring manufacturing by any suitable process, e.g. a forming ormachining process, and thus the link curvature is precise and results inefficient application of force to the selected vertebrae.

Referring now to FIGS. 9A-9C, a multi-directional attachment deviceconstructed according to yet another aspect of the present invention isindicated generally by the reference numeral 750. The multi-directionalattachment device 750 may be used with the above-described spinaltreatment apparatus, e.g. in place of or in addition to bone bolt 50shown in FIG. 2, or with various other spinal treatment apparatus or,still further, device 750 may be used with fixation apparatus fortreating other bones than those in the spine. For example, the element750 may be used with external fixation apparatus for treating long bonesand the pelvis.

Multi-directional attachment device 750 includes two portions, namely,screw portion 752 and bolt portion 754. Screw portion 752 has anelongated section extending between opposite ends 756, 758, whichelongated section has helical threads 754 (or another suitable cuttingsurface) formed thereon for engaging a bore formed in a vertebra orother bone (not shown). The screw portion 752 preferably has ahemispherically-shaped end 758 with a bore 760 extending therethrough.The end 758 of screw portion 752 has a flat face (FIG. 9C) withserrations or other interdigitating structure 780 formed thereon forreasons described below. The bore 760 preferably is centrally locatedwith respect to hemispherically-shaped end 758 as seen in FIGS. 9B and9C.

Bolt portion 762 includes opposite end portions 766 and 768. A threadedportion 764 extends from end 766 and includes threads (or other means)for engaging a locking nut after an apertured (or slotted) plate, rod,etc. has been positioned thereover as will be described below. Boltportion 762 also includes a bore 770 extending throughhemispherically-shaped end 768, which bore aligns with bore 760 of screwportion 752 to receive means for fastening portions 752 and 762together. The bore 770, however, includes a stepped portion 772 so thatthe enlarged head of a fastening means may be received in countersunkfashion so as to be substantially flush with the rounded portion ofhemispherically-shaped end 768 of bolt portion 762. The end 768 of boltportion 762 has serrations or other interdigitating structure 780 forlocking same to the similarly configured face of end 758 of screwportion 752. The mating interdigitating surfaces may be in the form ofserrations, ramped teeth, roughened surfaces or any other structure forrotationally locking the bolt portion 762 to the screw portion 752.

An example of means for fastening the screw and bolt portions togetheris shown in FIG. 9A and includes a lag-type set screw 790 that isthreaded so as to mate with the threaded bores 760, 770 of therespective screw and bolt portions. The screw and bolt portions may berotated with respect to each other and locked in position via set screw790.

Referring to FIG. 9A, the hemispherically-shaped end portions 758, 768of the respective screw and bolt portions 752, 762 are joined inface-to-face contact along the plane or equator 800 to form asubstantially spherically-shaped central member 774 (with set screw 790not in place). In a preferred embodiment of the multi-directionalscrew/bolt according to the present invention, the screw and boltportions are coaxial, i.e. positioned so that the longitudinal axis ofeach extends along line 810, and the pivot axis 820 about which therespective portions are rotatable forms an oblique angle with theaforementioned longitudinal axis 810. That is, when the screw and boltportions are positioned so as to be coaxial, the longitudinal axisthereof does not form a right angle with the pivot axis about which theportions may rotate.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 9B andincludes a projection 763 on the face of bolt portion 762 and a matingrecess 765 on the face of screw portion 752 (or vice-versa). Theprojection 763 and recess 765 serve to facilitate proper engagement ofthe components as well as provide the attachment member with added shearstrength.

This aspect of the invention permits the bolt portion 762 to extend fromthe center of the sphere 774 formed by the joined screw and bolthemispherically-shaped ends, 758, 768. In other words, regardless of theangular position of bolt portion 762 relative to the screw portion 752,the threaded portion 764 of the bolt will always extend along a centralaxis of the aforementioned sphere. This feature permits the bolt 762 toengage the center of the opening in a plate, rod, etc. For example, itis known in the art to form a plate member with an opening for receivinga threaded attachment member secured to a vertebra. If the attachmentmember has a cylindrical or semi-cylindrical surface, the plate isformed with a concave depression adjacent the opening which depressionseats on the cylindrical surface. Since the bolt portion 762 of theinvention extends outwardly from the sphere along a central axisthereof, the plate (or other element) opening can be received on thebolt with the latter centrally located therein, and with the concavedepression properly seated on sphere 774. Locking nut 794 then isthreaded over bolt extension 764 to securely fix the plate to themulti-directional attachment device 750. This provides an extremelystable and secure assembly.

However, as seen in FIG. 9D, it also is possible to form amulti-directional attachment device 750' such that the bolt extension764' does not extend from the center of the spherical portion 774'formed by the mating hemispherically-shaped end portions 768', 758'. Theelongated screw section 754' also may not extend from the center of endspherical portion 774'. The embodiment shown in FIG. 9B, however,illustrates the preferred construction of the multi-directionalattachment device of the present invention.

The benefits obtained by the ability to independently position the boltportion 762 with respect to the screw portion 752 will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. It is possible to position the screw portionin an optimal location in the vertebrae (or other bone) without concernas to the angle that the screw forms with the desired position of aplate, rod, etc., because the bolt portion can be adjusted relative tothe screw portion so as to engage the plate in a perpendicular manner.

In another aspect of the present invention, a bone fixation system isprovided for external applications, such as stabilizing bones which havebeen fractured, e.g., long bones, pelvic bones, etc. FIG. 10A depicts anexternal bone fixation system secured to a long bone B having a fractureF therein. The system includes a plurality of plates 900, 902, 904 whichmay have a structure according to the form of the spinal implant platesdiscussed above with respect to the aforementioned embodiments. Aplurality of multi-directional attachment members having sphericalportions 774 are provided, these members preferably having a structuredescribed above in connection with FIGS. 9A-9C.

As can be seen in FIG. 10A, plate members 900 and 904 are secured toeach portion of bone B on opposite sides of fracture F via respectivepairs of multi-directional attachment members. These two plate membersare joined to each other by a third plate member 902 the two ends ofwhich respectively overlie an end of each plate 900, 904. The threadedsection 754 of the screw portion 752 of each attachment member ispositioned in an optimal location in bone B, and the extension 764 ofthe bolt portion 762 of each respective attachment member is angularlyadjusted to engage the plate members in a desired fashion, e.g.,perpendicularly. Locking nuts 794 are positioned on bolt portions 762 tolock the plates to the attachment members. This arrangement, which is aone-plane fixation of bone B, stabilizes the bone portions to permithealing of fracture F.

FIG. 10B depicts a two-plane fixation of a bone B with a fracture F.Specifically, a first fixation assembly 910 includes a plate member 906secured to bone B in a first plane via a pair of multi-directionalattachment members with spherical portions 774 formed by mating endportions of bolt and screw portions, and locking nuts 794 as describedabove. A second fixation assembly 920 includes a plate member 908secured to bone B in a different plane via a second pair of attachmentmembers (the locking washers not being attached to bolt extensions 764on which plate 908 is mounted in FIG. 10B). The embodiment in FIG. 10Bstabilizes the fractured bone B in two planes and is suitable, e.g., foruse in applications requiring considerable stabilization forces.

FIG. 11 shows a further application of an external bone fixation systemwherein the system is secured to a pelvic bone PB. The system includes afirst fixation assembly 930 including a plate member 900 secured to aside of the pelvis via a pair of multi-directional attachment membershaving spherical portions 774. As seen in FIG. 11, the screw sections754 are positioned at a desired location in the bone while the boltextensions 764 are adjusted relative sections 754 to engage plate 900 ina perpendicular manner. A second fixation assembly 940 is secured to theopposite side of the pelvis via a second pair of attachment members. Therespective fixation assemblies 930, 940 may be connected to each otherby cross-link members (not shown) constructed according to theabove-embodiments (e.g., as in FIGS. 4 and 6). Such connection of theplate assemblies may be carried out along the anterior (line A inphantom) or posterior (line P in phantom) surface of the pelvis.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiments of FIGS.10A, 10B and 11 illustrate only exemplary non-spinal applications of thebone-fixation systems according to the present invention. Otherapplications and uses, of course, will be apparent to persons skilled inthe art.

It is apparent that the present invention provides a link member thatcan be secured to other link members in chain-like fashion so as topermit connection of a series of points forming a nonlinear path onseveral vertebrae. In this manner, force can be selectively exerted on aparticular vertebra or vertebrae to move the vertebra to a desiredposition and to maintain same in that position.

The present invention also includes links which overcome the problemwith prior art plate systems in which minimal bone volume is availablefor grafts or fusion by providing an offset link structure. According toone aspect of the present invention, the central portion of the link islaterally displaced relative to the end portions thereof so as to leavethe surface of the lateral margin of a vertebra to which the link isattached substantially uncovered.

The present invention further provides a multi-directional attachmentdevice which includes a screw portion and a bolt portion. The devicepermits the screw portion to be secured in bone at a desired angularposition, and the bolt portion attached thereto to be angularly adjustedso as to engage a spinal implant plate, rod, or an external bonefixation device in a desired manner. For example, by adjusting the boltportion relative to the screw portion, the bolt portion can engage thefixation device in a perpendicular manner to enhance the overallstability and effectiveness of the system, as well as substantiallyprevent trauma to bone tissue.

Although the invention has been described with reference to particularembodiments, it is to be understood that the embodiments are merelyillustrative of the application of the principles of the invention.Numerous configurations may be made therewith and other arrangements maybe devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for moving or spatially fixing afirst vertebra with respect to a second vertebra, the apparatuscomprising:a plurality of hook members configured to engage the laminaof a vertebra, each hook member being substantially L-shaped andincluding a pad portion extending transversely from an extended portionand having an upper surface defining a support for receiving a lamina ofa vertebra, the extended portion including a threaded shaft whichextends upwardly from said transverse pad portion, the extended portionand the transverse pad portion forming the L-shape of said hook member,said extended portion being configured to receive thereon a spinalfixation device so that said device is spaced from the pad portion ofsaid hook member with a lamina of a vertebra captured therebetween; andat least one spinal fixation device; whereby one hook member may bepositioned on the lamina of a first vertebra with said lamina capturedbetween the pad portion of the one hook member and a first end of thespinal fixation device which is disposed on the extended portion of theone hook member, and another hook member may be positioned on the laminaof a second vertebra which is adjacent to said first vertebra, with thelamina of said second vertebra captured between the pad portion of theother hook member and a second end of the spinal fixation device whichis disposed over the extended portion of the other hook member, andlocking members may be secured over the extended portions of therespective hook members to lock the spinal fixation device thereto suchthat the first and second vertebra are rigidly connected.
 2. Anapparatus according to claim 1, further including a plurality of spacersleeves each being configured for placement on the extended portion of arespective hook member so as to space the spinal fixation device fromthe pad portion of the hook member, wherein said plurality of spacersleeves include sleeves having various lengths for forming variouslength spaces between the pad portion of a hook member and a spinalfixation device.
 3. An apparatus for treating spinal conditions such asspinal instability and deformities by applying force to selectedvertebrae, the apparatus comprising:a plurality of link members, eachconfigured to be secured to adjacent vertebrae to exert a desired forceon at least one vertebra; each of said link members being in the form ofan integral member having opposite ends with an aperture in each end,and a central portion extending between said opposite ends, each of saidopposite ends having means for locking the end of one link member to theend of another link member at various desired angular positions with theend of one link member overlying the end of an adjacent link; saidplurality of link members being configured for attachment to each otherwith one of said opposite ends of a first link member overlying one ofsaid opposite ends of a second link member to form a linked constructthat extends between two distal points on said vertebrae, the individuallink members of said plurality of link members each being connectible toselected points on adjacent vertebrae so as to permit said linkedconstruct to follow a nonlinear path between said two distal points; andattachment means for securing each of said plurality of link members toadjacent vertebrae and to at least one additional link of said pluralityof link members to form said linked construct which exerts the desiredforce on said selected vertebra.
 4. An apparatus for treating spinalconditions according to claim 3 wherein the attachment device means areattachment members configured to be fixed to respective vertebrae andfor receiving the ends of respective link members in locking engagement,and further including means for locking the respective link members tothe attachment members.
 5. An apparatus for treating spinal conditionsaccording to claim 4, wherein at least some of said plurality of linkmembers have an offset middle portion between said first and secondends.
 6. An apparatus for the treatment of spinal conditions accordingto claim 3 wherein the attachment means comprisesfirst and secondportions; said first portion including an elongated and threaded sectionextending between first and second ends, one of said ends beinghemispherically-shaped; and said second portion including opposite ends,one of said opposite ends being threaded, and the other of said oppositeends being hemispherically-shaped; wherein said first and secondportions may be secured together in any of various relative angularorientations with the respective hemispherically-shaped ends of saidfirst and second portions joined so as to form a sphere having anequator.
 7. A multi-directional attachment apparatus as defined in claim3 wherein said first and second portions are coplanar at any of aplurality of relative angular orientations thereof.
 8. An apparatus forthe treatment of spinal conditions according to claim 3 wherein theattachment means is a bone bolt having at a first end thereof a helicalportion adapted to be fixed to a bore in a vertebrae and having at asecond end thereof a threaded portion which protrudes away from saidvertebra when said threaded portion is fixed thereto.
 9. The claim 8apparatus wherein said attachment means is a bone bolt having a lockingnut on said threaded portion thereof.
 10. The claim 8 apparatus whereinsaid attachment means is a bone bolt having an annular shoulder formedadjacent said threaded portion.
 11. An apparatus according to claim 3,wherein at least some of said link members are in the form of a flatplate that is V-shaped with said central portion forming the apex of theV-shaped plate.
 12. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein at leastsome of said link members are in the form of a flat plate with saidcentral portion being straight and the opposite end portions extendinglaterally away from the straight central portion to substantially form aC-shape.
 13. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein at least some ofsaid link members are in the form of a rod that is V-shaped with saidcentral portion formed by the apex of the V-shaped rod.
 14. An apparatusaccording to claim 3, wherein at least some of the said link members arein the form of a rod with the central portion being straight and theopposite end portions extending laterally away from the straight centralportion to substantially form a C-shape.
 15. A spinal implant linkmember, said link member beingconfigured to be secured to adjacentvertebrae to exert a desired force on at least one vertebra; said linkmember beingin the form of an integral member having opposite ends withan aperture in each end, and a central portion extending between saidopposite ends, each of said opposite ends having means for locking theend of one link member to the end of another link member at variousdesired angular positions with the end of one link member overlying theend of an adjacent link; and configured for attachment to a second linkmember with one of said opposite ends of a first link member overlyingone of said opposite ends of a second link member to form a linkedconstruct that extends between two distal points on said vertebrae; andmeans for securing said link member to adjacent vertebrae and to atleast one additional link member to form said linked construct whichexerts the desired force on said selected vertebra.
 16. The spinalimplant link member of claim 15 wherein said central portion is offsetfrom said opposite ends of said link member.
 17. The spinal implant linkmember of claim 15 wherein said link member is V-shaped and wherein saidcentral portion of said link member forms the apex of said V-shape. 18.The spinal implant link member of claim 15 wherein said central portionof said link member is substantially C-shaped.
 19. The spinal implantlink member of claim 15 wherein each of said opposite ends of said linkmember comprises means for locking the end of said one link member tothe end of a second link member at various desired angular positionswith the end of said link member overlapping the end of said adjacentsecond link member.
 20. A hook member for an apparatus for moving orspatially fixing a first vertebra with respect to a second vertebra,said hook member beingconfigured to engage the lamina of a vertebra andsubstantially L-shaped and including a pad portion extendingtransversely from an extended portion and having an upper surfacedefining a support for receiving a lamina of a vertebra, said extendedportion including a threaded shaft which extends upwardly from saidtransverse pad portion, said extended portion and said transverse padportion forming the L-shape of said hook member, said extended portionbeing configured to receive thereon a spinal fixation device so thatsaid device is spaced from the pad portion of said hook member with alamina of a vertebra captured therebetween.